Fried chicken
Fried chicken is a dish that has been around for centuries and has been enjoyed by people all over the world. The first recorded recipe for fried chicken was found in a cookbook from the 1st century AD. The recipe called for chicken to be fried in oil and then served with a sauce made from vinegar and honey.
The dish gained popularity in the United States during the 18th century. African-American slaves who were brought to America from West Africa introduced the dish to the American South. Fried chicken became a staple of Southern cuisine and is still enjoyed today.
There are many different recipes for fried chicken, but the basic ingredients are usually the same. Chicken is coated in a flour or cornmeal mixture and then fried in hot oil. The resulting dish is crispy on the outside and juicy on the inside.
Advice
When making fried chicken, it is important to remember to use the right oil and to season the chicken appropriately. For the oil, it is best to use an oil with a high smoke point, such as peanut, canola, or vegetable oil. For seasoning, you can use your favorite combination of spices and herbs, or you can use a pre-made fried chicken seasoning. It is also important to ensure that you are using the correct temperature when frying the chicken. The oil should be hot enough so that the chicken cooks through evenly, but not too hot that it burns. Additionally, it is also important to make sure that the chicken is cooked all the way through before serving. Lastly, it is important to drain the fried chicken on paper towels to remove any excess oil before serving.
Questions
What is the secret to good fried chicken?
The secret to good fried chicken is to use a combination of good-quality ingredients and a method that allows the chicken to cook in its own fat and juice. To achieve the best results, use a heavy-bottom skillet or cast iron pan to fry the chicken. Make sure the oil you use has a high smoking point and that the chicken is completely submerged in the oil. It’s also important to ensure that the chicken is completely dry before it is placed in the oil to prevent it from sticking to the skillet. Lastly, be sure to fry the chicken in batches and not overcrowd the skillet to ensure that the chicken cooks evenly and doesn't steam.
What should I soak my chicken in before frying?
When preparing chicken for frying, it is best to soak it in a marinade or brine for at least 30 minutes before cooking. This will help to infuse the chicken with flavor and keep it tender when cooked. For a simple marinade, mix together olive oil, lemon juice, garlic, salt, pepper, and any other desired spices.
How do you get crispy fried chicken?
To get crispy fried chicken, you'll need to coat the chicken in a light layer of flour, seasonings, and spices. Then use an egg wash to help the flour stick to the chicken. Finally, dip the chicken in a light layer of breadcrumbs or panko breadcrumbs before frying it in hot oil until it is golden and crispy.
How long should you fry chicken?
Frying chicken typically takes about 10-15 minutes depending on the size of the pieces.
Do you do egg or flour first for fried chicken?
It is best to coat the chicken in flour first and then dip it in an egg wash before frying.
Should you soak chicken in milk before frying?
Yes, soaking chicken in milk before frying is a popular method of preparing chicken. It helps to keep the chicken moist and tender during the cooking process.
Jump to: Ingredient Breakdown Insights
Recipes
Southern Oven-Fried Chicken
- paprika
- salt
- all purpose flour
- butter
- black pepper
- chicken
Stir-Fried Chicken with Bok Choy
- salt
- white rice
- snow pea
- bok choy
- sherry
- sugar
- chinese chile garlic sauce
- skinless
- vegetable oil
- chinese black bean sauce
- ginger
- cornstarch
- chicken stock
Classic Southern Fried Chicken
- milk
- egg
- salt
- black pepper
- all purpose flour
- chicken
- vegetable oil
Berry-Jam Fried Chicken
- FOR FRYING AND SERVING
- peanut oil
- scallion cornmeal waffle
- salt
- DREDGE
- all purpose flour
- black pepper
- thyme
- garlic powder
- ginger
- onion powder
- cornstarch
- salt
- MARINATED CHICKEN
- egg
- balsamic vinegar
- strawberry jam
- chicken breast cutlet
Southern Fried Chicken
- hot sauce
- baking powder
- black pepper
- water
- garlic powder
- salt
- all purpose flour
- chicken
- egg
Nashville-Style Hot Fried Chicken
- DREDGE
- vegetable oil
- black pepper
- salt
- egg
- all purpose flour
- garlic
- onion
- BRINE
- salt
- black pepper
- cayenne pepper
- garlic powder
- onion powder
- paprika
- chicken
- VERY HOT SPICE
- smoked ghost chile powder
- sugar
- cayenne pepper
Coke-Brined Fried Chicken
- FOR SERVING
- hot sauce
- FRYING
- replace
- peanut oil
- BRINE
- salt
- thyme
- hot sauce like crystal
- garlic
- coca cola
- chicken thigh
- SEASONED FLOUR
- salt
- cayenne pepper
- garlic powder
- onion powder
- black pepper
- smoked spanish paprika
- all purpose flour
Brooklyn Bowl Fried Chicken
- salt
- black
- honey
- vegetable oil
- cajun seasoning
- chicken
- all purpose flour
- matzo meal
- egg white
Glazed Fried Chicken with Old Bay and Cayenne
- deep fry thermometer
- vegetable oil
- bay seasoning
- cayenne pepper
- light brown sugar
- paprika
- chicken
- buttermilk
- hot sauce
- lard
- all purpose flour
- salt
Crispy Fried Chicken
- paprika
- salt
- cayenne pepper
- basil
- oregano
- pepper
- white pepper
- vegetable oil
- buffalo hot sauce
- cornstarch
- garlic powder
- onion powder
- all purpose flour
- buttermilk
- chicken drumstick
- chicken thigh
Adobo-Fried Chicken
- CHICKEN
- peanut oil
- salt
- all purpose flour
- paprika
- black pepper
- buttermilk
- chicken
- SAUCE
- soy sauce
- fish sauce
- maple syrup
- thai bird
- lemon juice
- BROTH
- salt
- sugar
- black peppercorn
- red pepper flake
- soy sauce
- white vinegar
- garlic
- bay leaf
Stir-Fried Chicken With Greens
- pepper
- noodle
- salt
- egg white
- soy sauce
- ginger
- kale
- bell pepper
- rice wine
- bok choy
- red pepper flake
- chicken stock
- peanut oil
- cornstarch
- garlic
- green onion
- brussels sprout
- chicken breast
Southern Fried Chicken
- cornstarch
- paprika
- cayenne pepper
- salt
- white pepper
- chicken
- herb
- salt
- hot sauce
- garlic powder
- onion powder
- baking powder
- creole seasoning
- all purpose flour
- garlic
- buttermilk
Pickle-Brined Fried Chicken
- deep fry thermometer
- sesame seed
- salt
- vegetable oil
- apple cider vinegar
- brown mustard seed
- yellow mustard seed
- coriander seed
- sugar
- dill
- all purpose flour
- buttermilk
- chicken thigh
Perfect Southern Fried Chicken
- vegetable oil
- buttermilk
- all purpose flour
- chicken
- cornmeal
- oregano
- season all salt
- egg
- salt
- water
Barefoot Contessa's Classic Oven-Fried Chicken Recipe
- buttermilk
- black pepper
- salt
- all purpose flour
- chicken
Cold Fried Chicken
- FOR DREDGING
- enough shortening
- all purpose flour
- black pepper
- turmeric
- salt
- FOR SOAKING
- salt
- cayenne pepper
- black pepper
- buttermilk
- chicken thigh
Oven-Fried Chicken With Crispy Panko Coating
- black pepper
- paprika
- parsley
- bread crumb
- tarragon
- salt
- dijon mustard
- chicken breast
Barbara’s Picnic Fried Chicken
- deep fry thermometer brown paper
- vegetable oil
- curry powder
- paprika
- chicken
- smoked paprika
- all purpose flour
- black pepper
- garlic powder
- cumin
- salt
Indiana Fried Chicken
- salt
- chicken
- black pepper
- all purpose flour
- lard
- water
Southern Fried Chicken With Cream Gravy
- chicken
- chicken stock
- milk
- salt
- all purpose flour
- black pepper
- all purpose flour
- butter
- oil
- black pepper
- salt
Air Fryer Fried Chicken
- salt
- cooking spray
- garlic powder
- onion powder
- all purpose flour
- paprika
- buttermilk
- chicken thigh
- chicken drumstick
- garlic
Classic Crispy Fried Chicken Recipe
- milk
- bacon dripping
- salt
- black pepper
- frying chicken
- all purpose flour
- vegetable shortening
Korean Fried Chicken
- potato starch
- mirin
- olive oil
- garlic powder
- salt
- chicken wing
- brown sugar
- ketchup
- garlic
- baking powder
- water
- gochujang
- oil
Outdoor Fried Chicken for a Crowd
- buttermilk
- baking powder
- salt
- black pepper
- bay seasoning
- all purpose flour
- vegetable oil
- bacon
- sage
- chicken thigh
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s Favorite Southern Pan-Fried Chicken
- garlic powder
- onion powder
- salt
- sweet paprika
- black pepper
- salt
- chicken
- buttermilk
- cayenne pepper
- all purpose flour
- black pepper
- vegetable oil
Jamaican Fried Chicken
- milk
- garlic powder
- onion powder
- paprika
- baking powder
- cayenne pepper
- curry powder
- salt
- white pepper
- ginger
- cornstarch
- all purpose flour
- herb
- garlic
- hot sauce
- thyme
- chicken
- salt adjust
- chicken bouillon powder
Korean Fried Chicken
- soy sauce
- sesame oil
- cornstarch
- garlic powder
- onion powder
- brown sugar
- honey
- chicken wing
- baking powder
- garlic
- gochujang
- sherry
- sesame seed
- ketchup
- green onion
- oil
Big Mama's Kitchen - Oven Fried Chicken
- canola oil
- buttermilk
- lemon pepper
- salt seasoning
- chicken
- cayenne pepper
- meat tenderizer
- salt
- self rising flour
- canola oil
- chili powder
- garlic powder
- celery seed
- onion powder
- paprika
- smoked hickory salt
- sugar
Stir-Fried Chicken With Bell Peppers
- garlic
- chicken breast
- dark soy sauce
- ginger
- sugar
- green onion
- onion
- dark
- bell pepper
- bell pepper
- light soy sauce
- peanut oil
- chinese rice wine
- chicken broth
- cornstarch
- black pepper
Healthyish Fried Chicken
- SPECIAL EQUIPMENT
- deep fry thermometer spice mill
- honey
- vegetable oil
- red pepper flake
- sesame seed
- cornstarch
- buttermilk
- chickpea flour
- lime
- salt
- coconut
- wing
Chalfonte Fried Chicken
- black pepper
- salt
- all purpose flour
- vegetable shortening
- paprika
- onion
- chicken
Chicken-Fried Chicken With Cream Gravy Recipe
- Cream Gravy
- salt
- milk
- onion
- all purpose flour
- butter
- garlic
- heavy cream
- Chicken
- buttermilk
- salt
- baking powder
- egg
- all purpose flour
- cornstarch
- cayenne pepper
- black pepper
- paprika
- oregano
- garlic powder
- vegetable shortening
- boneless
Southern Buttermilk Fried Chicken
- black pepper
- paprika
- poultry seasoning
- salt
- garlic powder
- onion powder
- white pepper
- cayenne pepper
- buttermilk
- all purpose flour
- peanut oil
- chicken
Buttermilk Fried Chicken
- baking powder
- cayenne pepper
- mustard
- pepper
- basil
- thyme
- garlic powder
- paprika
- salt
- teaspsoons onion powder
- sage
- all purpose flour
- buttermilk
- chicken
- vegetable oil
Oven-Fried Chicken With Sour Cream
- garlic
- sour cream
- bread crumb
- paprika
- salt
- worcestershire sauce
- black pepper
- lemon juice
- chicken breast
Dominican Fried Chicken (Chicharrones de Pollo)
- lime juice
- salt
- black pepper
- all purpose flour
- worcestershire sauce
- paprika
- chicken breast
- garlic
- soy sauce
- vegetable oil
Thai Fried Chicken
- chile
- cilantro
- cornstarch
- chile
- cumin seed
- black pepper
- coriander
- shrimp paste
- sugar
- chinese 5-spice powder
- cumin
- salt
- oyster sauce
- oil
- fish sauce
- rice flour
- garlic
- chicken
Air Fryer Korean Fried Chicken
- rice wine vinegar
- water
- onion powder
- chicken wing
- garlic powder
- potato starch
- black pepper
- brown sugar
- soy sauce
Masala Fried Chicken
- deep fry thermometer
- canola oil
- chaat masala
- garam masala
- turmeric
- ginger
- black pepper
- all purpose flour
- white vinegar
- chicken thigh
- amchur powder
- salt
- potato starch
- kashmiri red chili powder
- milk greek yogurt
- garlic
The Best Korean Fried Chicken Recipe
- salt
- baking powder
- sweet soy sauce
- all purpose flour
- water
- vodka
- chicken wing
- peanut oil
- corn starch
Honey Marinated Buttermilk Fried Chicken
- all purpose flour
- vegetable oil
- honey
- buttermilk
- egg
- apple cider vinegar
- bread crumb
- cayenne pepper
- chicken
- black pepper
- salt
Kerala-Style Fried Chicken with Coconut Oil and Curry Leaves
- deep fry thermometer
- peach chutney
- vegetable oil
- cilantro
- chicken
- mint
- all purpose flour
- buttermilk
- ginger
- salt
- virgin coconut oil
- garlic
- serrano chile
- curry
Fried Chicken Recipe
- all purpose flour
- black pepper
- chicken
- buttermilk
- paprika
- salt
Dale Talde’s Korean Fried Chicken with Kimchi Yogurt
- spice mill
- vegetable oil
- sesame oil
- cayenne pepper
- salt
- cardamom
- rice flour
- black peppercorn
- chicken bouillon
- chili powder
- garlic powder
- turmeric
- paprika
- coriander seed
- fennel seed
- fish sauce
- hot sauce
- greek yogurt
- chicken wing
- chicken breast
- chicken thigh
Matzo-Meal Fried Chicken
- oil
- salt
- paprika
- allspice
- cinnamon
- clove
- ginger
- matzo meal
- black pepper
- poultry seasoning
- chicken
- egg
Chicken Fried Chicken with White Gravy
- peanut oil
- salt
- hot sauce
- egg
- milk
- garlic powder
- buttermilk
- apple cider vinegar
- cayenne pepper
- all purpose flour
- paprika
- butter
- cornstarch
- chicken breast
Blue Corn Fried Chicken with Ancho Honey and Buttermilk-Bacon Smashed Potatoes
- peanut oil
- salt
- anchohoney sauce
- buttermilk
- honey
- chicken
- bacon
- blue cornmeal
- red bliss potato
- ancho chile
- all purpose flour
- butter
- garlic
- egg
Buttermilk Fried Chicken
- deep fry thermometer
- vegetable oil
- white barbecue sauce
- cornstarch
- salt
- black pepper
- garlic powder
- onion powder
- smoked paprika
- black peppercorn
- brown mustard seed
- cumin seed
- fennel seed
- fennel
- light brown sugar
- buttermilk
- chicken
- bay leaf
- egg
- salt
- all purpose flour
Bourbon Brined Fried Chicken
- salt
- buttermilk
- canola oil
- unrefined coconut oil
- dijon mustard
- garlic powder
- egg
- chicken breast
- baking powder
- light brown sugar
- bay leaf
- all purpose flour
- bourbon
- cornmeal
- cayenne pepper
- black peppercorn
Vegan Fried "Chicken" (Made with Tofu)
- garlic powder
- hot sauce
- italian seasoning
- onion powder
- non dairy milk
- vegetable broth
- apple cider vinegar
- salt
- tofu
- smoked paprika
- cornstarch
- black pepper
- cayenne pepper
- all purpose flour
- oil
Blue Corn Fried Chicken with Malt Vinegar Aioli
- lemon juice
- malt vinegar aioli
- vegetable shortening
- hot sauce
- malt vinegar
- garlic powder
- smoked paprika
- canola oil
- cornstarch
- dijon mustard
- chicken leg
- black pepper
- poultry seasoning salt
- salt
- blue cornmeal
- all purpose flour
- egg yolk
Central American–Style Fried Chicken
- cornmeal
- salt
- black pepper
- garlic powder
- orange juice
- vegetable oil
- all purpose flour
- annatto paste
- bay leaf
- lemon juice
- oregano
- chicken thigh
Extra-Crispy Fried Chicken With Caramelized Honey and Spice Recipe
- To Serve (Optional, but Recommended!)
- buttermilk vanilla waffle
- Spice Dust
- sichuan peppercorn
- cumin seed
- black cardamom pod
- árbol chile
- kashmiri red chile
- porcini mushroom powder
- cinnamon
- star anise
- Buttermilk Brine
- garlic powder
- onion powder
- frank' redhot hot sauce
- black pepper
- salt
- chicken
- buttermilk
- Honey-Butter Drizzle
- clover honey
- water
- butter
- For Frying
- salt
- italian flour
- peanut
Chile-Lime Fried Chicken
- honey
- salt
- lime
- vegetable oil
- garlic powder
- salt
- cornstarch
- chicken
- salt
- lime juice
- milk
- sugar
- all purpose flour
- egg
- lime
- water
- ancho chile
- pasilla chile
Restaurant Style Fried Chicken
- cornstarch
- cajun seasoning
- vegetable oil
- captain crunch cereal
- water
- egg
- chicken breast
Crispy Air Fryer "Fried" Chicken
- cajun seasoning
- garlic powder
- onion powder
- pepper
- salt
- chicken thigh
- buttermilk
- all purpose flour
- paprika
- egg
- cooking spray
- salt
Chicken Fried Chicken (+Video)
- all purpose flour
- garlic powder
- salt
- milk
- milk
- all purpose flour
- cayenne pepper
- chicken breast
- egg
- saltine cracker
- salt
- salt
- vegetable oil
Fried Chicken with Honey Mustard
- canola oil
- honey mustard
- salt
- greek yogurt
- milk
- garlic powder
- onion powder
- chile de arbol
- chicken
- all purpose flour
- pepper
Air Fryer Fried Chicken
- paprika
- buttermilk
- olive oil
- dill pickle juice
- all purpose flour
- egg
- chicken
- black pepper
- salt
Miss Ora's Fried Chicken
- deep fry thermometer
- vegetable oil
- chicken
- black pepper
- salt
- all purpose flour
- fatback
- cornstarch
Almond Buttermilk Jamaican Fried Chicken with Pickled Pineapple Slaw.
- garlic powder
- molasses
- all spice
- brown sugar
- salt
- salt
- corn
- jalapeño
- bell pepper
- cayenne pepper
- apple cider vinegar
- cinnamon
- pineapple
- ketchup
- orange juice
- [almond breeze almondmilk coconutmilk original | https www almondbreeze com navid=]
- self rising flour
- chicken tender
- sugar
- soy sauce
- thyme
- onion powder
- smoked paprika
- canola oil
- lime zest juice
Great-Grandma Gibson’s fried chicken
- all purpose flour
- black pepper
- lard
- salt
- water
- chicken
Charles' Country Pan Fried Chicken
- salt
- canola oil
- garlic powder
- chicken
- all purpose flour
- milk
- egg
Gluten Free Fried Chicken
- garlic powder
- egg
- gluten-free flour
- hot sauce
- cornstarch
- onion powder
- cayenne pepper
- smoked paprika
- buttermilk
- salt
- chicken drumstick
- chicken thigh
- oil
The Best Buttermilk-Brined Southern Fried Chicken Recipe
- Buttermilk Brine
- salt
- buttermilk
- egg
- For Finishing the Chicken
- baking powder
- chicken
- all purpose flour
- cornstarch
- vegetable shortening
- Spice Mix
- cayenne pepper
- black pepper
- paprika
- oregano
- garlic powder
Extra Crispy Fried Chicken
- salt
- vegetable oil
- lemon
- hot sauce
- sugar
- buttermilk
- rosemary
- sage
- thyme
- rice flour
- olive oil
- pepper
- garlic powder
- salt
- onion powder
- all purpose flour
- garlic
- chicken
- bay leaf
Cast Iron Skillet Curry Fried Chicken with Curry and Mango-Yogurt Sauce and Red Chile Asparagus
- asparagus
- salt
- salt
- peanut oil
- mangoyogurt sauce
- olive oil
- asparagus
- ancho chile
- cayenne pepper
- mango
- onion
- chile de arbol
- chicken
- red chile oil
- water
- all purpose flour
- yogurt
- lime juice
- curry powder
- olive oil
- garlic
- new mexico chile pepper
- salt
Breaded Fried Chicken
- salt
- vegetable oil
- ground thyme
- cornmeal
- milk
- all purpose flour
- cornstarch
- chicken
- egg
Perfectly Crispy Fried Chicken
- salt
- oil
- chicken thigh
- Wet Batter
- all purpose flour
- garlic powder
- cayenne pepper
- salt
- black pepper
- egg
- buttermilk
- Dry Mixture
- black pepper
- salt
- cayenne pepper
- garlic powder
- all purpose flour
Easy Stir-Fried Chicken With Ginger and Scallions Recipe
- rice
- vegetable oil
- onion
- ginger
- chicken breast
- cornstarch
- shaoxing wine
- soy sauce
- salt
- sugar
- white pepper
- garlic
- green onion
Rustic Canyon Family Meal Fried Chicken
- vegetable oil
- mirin
- soy sauce
- rice vinegar
- chicken
- ginger
- garlic
- black pepper
- all purpose flour
- salt
Chile Apple Brined Fried Chicken
- chile apple brine
- molasses
- rib rub
- canola oil
- apple cider
- garlic
- salt
- all purpose flour
- fennel seed
- yellow mustard
- garlic powder
- black pepper
- onion powder
- granny smith apple
- range chicken
- cornmeal
- paprika
- pasilla negro chile
- sugar
Hot Honey Fried Chicken
- Fried Chicken
- salt
- vegetable oil
- baking powder
- hot pepper sauce
- egg
- buttermilk
- garlic powder
- hungarian paprika
- onion powder
- cayenne pepper
- cornstarch
- all purpose flour
- pound chicken
- light brown sugar
- Hot Honey
- salt
- garlic
- apple cider vinegar
- chiles habanero
- honey
Maryland Fried Chicken With White Gravy Recipe
- corn cob
- salt
- vegetable oil
- all purpose flour
- chicken
- milk
- butter
The BEST Korean Fried Chicken (No Gochujang)
- rice vinegar
- garlic powder
- ginger
- salt
- corn syrup
- potato starch
- curry powder
- ginger powder
- oil
- chicken wing
- cilantro
- soy sauce
- green onion
- asian grocer chinese chile flake
- garlic
- sesame seed
Oven Fried Chicken
- all purpose flour
- cornstarch
- paprika
- cayenne pepper
- salt adjust
- white pepper
- chicken
- herb
- salt
- hot sauce
- panko breadcrumb
- garlic powder
- onion powder
- baking powder
- creole seasoning
- garlic
- buttermilk
Stir-Fried Chicken With Mushrooms and Oyster Sauce Recipe
- For Sauce and Stir-Fry
- white rice
- cornstarch
- sesame oil
- soy sauce
- garlic
- mushroom
- wood ear mushroom
- peanut oil
- water
- oyster sauce
- Velveted Chicken
- egg white
- peanut oil
- chicken breast
- salt
- chinese rice wine
- cornstarch
- water
Stir-Fried Chicken in Lettuce Leaves
- salt
- chicken thigh
- soy sauce
- green leaf lettuce
- carrot
- ginger
- chinese black bean sauce
- sherry
- sugar
- red pepper
- mint
- vegetable oil
- garlic
- cornstarch dissolved
- green onion
Curry Fried Chicken
- cilantro
- vegetable oil
- all purpose flour
- salt
- red pepper flake
- black pepper
- chicken drumstick
- curry powder
- egg
Ingredient Breakdown
Insights
Correlated with Higher Ratings
- butter
- white pepper
- paprika
Staple Ingredients
- salt 70%
- all purpose flour 53%
- black pepper 37%
- chicken 36%
- garlic powder 35%
- buttermilk 30%
Common Ingredients
- cayenne pepper 27%
- vegetable oil 27%
- egg 25%
- cornstarch 24%
- garlic 24%
- paprika 23%
- onion powder 19%
Usual Ingredients
- chicken thigh 13%
- baking powder 13%
- sugar 13%
- chicken breast 12%
- water 12%
- hot sauce 11%
- oil 11%
- ginger 10%
- milk 10%
- soy sauce 10%
- peanut oil 9%
- butter 7%
- canola oil 7%
- pepper 7%
- honey 6% See More
- oregano 6%
- cornmeal 5%
- green onion 5%
- onion 5%
- smoked paprika 5%
- thyme 5%
- white pepper 5%
- apple cider vinegar 5%
- chicken drumstick 5%
- chicken wing 5%
- deep fry thermometer 5%
- bay leaf 4%
- black peppercorn 4%
- cilantro 4%
- curry powder 4%
- dijon mustard 4%
- lemon juice 4%
- light brown sugar 4%
- olive oil 4%
- red pepper flake 4%
- vegetable shortening 4%